SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION



 
NICOLAS COPERNICUS (1475-1543): he was a Polish matematician and astronomer. He proposed the Heliocentric model (1475-1543)




JOHANNES GUTTENBERG: inventor of the printing press. A big contribution to the spread of culture.


JOHANNES KEPLER: was the scientist who said that the planetary motion was ELIPTIC and NOT circular as it was thought before (1571-1630)


GALILEO GALILELI: was the scientist who discovered the telescope. He also provided evidence that the heliocentric theory (by Copernicus) was correct (1564-1642)


ISAAC NEWTON: invented the three laws of motion and the law of Universal Gravitation. He also worked on a few observations of optics (1642-1727)


WILLIAM HARVEY: was an english doctor that described correctly the circulation of blood through the human body as we know ir nowdays (1578-1657)


FRANCIS BACON: came up with the Scientific Method, which is still used today. This included hypothesing, experimentation, observation and induction (1561-1626)

                                  FOUNDING FATHERS OF THE UNITED STATES

     


George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the "father of his country"


 
John Adams (1735-1826) was an American lawyer, author, statesman and diplomat of Welsh decent. He served as the second President of the United States, the first Vice President and as a Founding Father. He was a leader  of American independence from Great Britain. Adams was apolitical theorist in the Age of Enlightement who promoted republicanism and a strong central gocernment. His innovative ideas were frequently published.

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American lawyer, a Founding Father and principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He was elected the second Vice President of the United States and the third President of the United States. 


James Madison (1751-1836) was an American statesman, political theorist and the fourth President of the United States. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S Constitution and as the key champion and author of the "Bill of Rights". He served as a politician much of his adult life.


Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist inventor, civic activist, statesman and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and a  university.


Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, consitutional and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government and modernized the economy.

                                                       


                                                                     BENJAMIN FRANKLIN



                 


Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman and diplomat.
In the American revolution Franklin became the American spokesman in highly publicized testimony in Parlament in 1766. He stated that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire.
Franklin published two of his most celebrated pro-American satirical essays in 1773:
-Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One.
-An Edict by the King of Prussia.

                                  OLIVER CROMWELL

  

Oliver Cromwell nació en Huntingdon, Inglaterra, 25 de abril de 1599 fue un político inglés que convirtió a Inglaterra en una República denominada Mancomunidad de Inglaterra.

Oliver era anticatólico,  a su actuación política dio un sentido místico y providencialista, en 1628 fue elegido miembro de la Cámara de los Comunes, que fue disuelta al año siguiente por Carlos I . Entre 1629 y 1640, el monarca gobernó sin el Parlamento. 

En 1642 estalló la guerra civil, que enfrentó a los realistas con los partidos del Parlamento, en ese momento Cromwell organizó un ejército revolucionario, consiguió vencer a las tropas realistas.

Al pasar un año, la captura de Carlos I suscitaba un serio conflicto entre el Parlamento y el ejército puritano. El 30 de enero de 1649, Cromwell hizo juzgar y ejecutar a Carlos I porque había disuelto el Parlamento y se había autoproclamado rey absoluto, suprimió dicha monarquía y la Cámara de los Lores y proclamó la República (mayo 1649).

Durante su mandato reorganizó la hacienda pública, fomentó la liberación del comercio, promulgó el Acta de Navegación (1651), derrotó a las Provincias Unidas (1654), arrebató Jamaica a España (1655), persiguió a los católicos y situó a Inglaterra a la cabeza de los países protestantes europeos.

Falleció el 3 de septiembre de 1658.

En mi opinión ambos querían tener el poder, Carlos I quería perpetuar la fórmula de poder absolutista típica de los reinados de esa época y Cromwell encabezó una lucha por el poder, basada en el apoyo popular, estando radicalmente en contra del absolutismo del rey.